Sejarah Samurai Jepang ( Tokoh-Tokohnya ) Kalo ada bisa di share.

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Oichi (1547?-1583) adalah seorang wanita bangsawan Jepang semasa perang sipil/ periode Sengoku yang terkenal akan kecantikannya. Dia adalah adik dari salah seorang pemersatu Jepang, Oda Nobunaga dan istri dari dua daimyo terkenal Azai Nagamasa dan Shibata Katsuie.



Kehidupan

Oichi menghabiskan masa mudanya di Owari, daerah kekuasaan klan Oda. Dia dinikahkan dengan Shibata Katsuie sebagai hadiah yang diberikan Nobunaga setelah Katsuie melancarkan kudeta yang gagal padanya lalu memohon pengampunan dan bersumpah melayaninya dengan setia. Namun pernikahan mereka tidak berlangsung lama, tahun 1567 dalam penaklukan Mino, Nobunaga membatalkan pernikahannya dengan Katsuie dengan alasan politis. Oichi dinikahkan dengan rival Nobunaga, Azai Nagamasa untuk mempererat persekutuan. Dalam hal ini Oichi tidak mempunyai pilihan lain selain menurut dan terpaksa diapun bercerai dengan Katsuie

Dari Nagamasa, Oichi melahirkan seorang putra, Manjumaru dan tiga orang putri Cha-cha (dikenal juga dengan Yodo Gimi atau Yodo Dono), O-Hatsu, dan O-go. Tahun 1570, suaminya mengkhianati persekutuan dengan kakaknya dengan menyerang Nobunaga bersama klan Asakura. Pertempuran sengit pun berlangsung selama tiga tahun lamanya hingga klan Asakura kalah. Setelahnya pasukan Nobunaga terus maju dan mengepung kastil Odani, pusat klan Azai tempat Oichi dan keluarganya tinggal. Nobunaga menuntut agar Oichi dikembalikan padanya. Nagamasa menyanggupi tuntutan itu, Oichi dan ketiga putrinya dipulangkan dengan selamat pada Nobunaga sementara dia sendiri dan putranya, Manjumaru melakukan seppuku di kastilnya.

Dengan demikian Oichi kini kembali menikah dengan suami sebelumnya, Shibata Katsuie sekitar tahun 1574. Tragedi dalam kehidupannya belum berakhir, menyusul kematian Nobunaga tahun 1583, suaminya terlibat konflik dengan Toyotomi Hideyoshi mengenai masalah suksesi dalam klan Oda. Pasukan Katsuie dihancurkan di Shizugatake, perbukitan di utara Omi. Sadar dirinya telah kalah, Katsuie mengurung diri dalam kastilnya di Kita-no-shō dan siap melakukan seppuku. Dia sempat meminta Oichi agar menyelamatkan diri bersama anak-anaknya, namun kali ini Oichi tidak ingin meninggalkan suaminya seperti yang pernah dilakukan terhadap Nagamasa dulu. Oichi hanya menitipkan ketiga putrinya pada Hideyoshi sementara dia sendiri menemani suaminya menyongsong maut di kastil yang mulai terbakar.

Keturunan

Ketiga putrinya kelak menjadi istri-istri orang terkenal dalam sejarah Jepang, Cha-cha, O-Hatsu dan O-go masing-masing menikah dengan Hideyoshi, Kyôgoku Takatsugu, dan Tokugawa Hidetada

Yodo Gimi menjadi selir dari Hideyoshi, sebuah ironi karena Hideyoshilah yang bertanggung jawab atas kematian kedua orang tuanya dan juga ayah tirinya. Kepadanya, Hideyoshi menganugerahkan kastil Yodo, karena itulah kemudian dia juga dikenal dengan nama Yodo Gimi atau Yodo Dono. Dia melahirkan dua putra bagi Hideyoshi, salah satunya, Toyotomi Hideyori. Belakangan dia bersama Hideyori bunuh diri setelah kekalahannya dalam pertempuran Osaka yang adalah pertempuran terakhir jaman sengoku.

Putri kedua, O-Hatsu menikah dengan Kyôgoku Takatsugu, bangsawan yang pernah bekerja pada klan Azai. Klan Kyôgoku memihak pada Tokugawa setelah kematian Hideyoshi. O-Hatsu berperan sebagai mediator antara Tokugawa dan kakaknya Yodo Gimi. Walaupun tidak berhasil mendamaikan kedua pihak, dia berhasil menyelamatkan putri Hideyori dengan menjadikannya biarawati setelah kekalahan di Osaka.

Putri bungsu, O-go menikah dengan shogun kedua Tokugawa, Hidetada. Mereka mempunyai banyak anak termasuk shogun ketiga, Iemitsu dan Masako, istri Kaisar Go-Mizunoo. Putri Masako, Okiko kelak menjadi Permaisuri Meisho, maka Oichi secara anumerta menjadi nenek dari shogun dan moyang dari permaisuri.

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Okuni (Izumo no Okuni) (1572?-?) was the main founder of kabuki theater. She was believed to be a miko at the Grand Shrine of Izumo[citation needed] who began a new style of dance in the dry riverbeds of Kyoto.



Early years

Okuni grew up in the vicinity of the Izumo shrine, where her father worked as a blacksmith, and where several other family members served. Eventually Okuni joined as a miko[citation needed], where she was known for her skill in dancing and acting, as well as her beauty. As it was a custom of the time to send priests, miko and others to solicit contributions for the shrine, she was sent to Kyoto to perform sacred dances and songs.

It was during her performances in Kyoto that she also became known for her innovation: her nembutsu dance, in honor of the Amida Buddha, tended to be known for its sultriness and sexual innuendo. Between this and other dances and acts, she garnered much attention and began to draw large crowds wherever she performed. Eventually she was summoned to return to the shrine, a call she ignored, though she continued to send money back.

The founding of Kabuki

Around 1603, Okuni set up a theatre on the dry riverbed of the Shijōgawara of the Kamo River. Gathering up the outcasts and misfits of society, who had been dubbed kabukimono (from kabuku "to lean in a certain direction", and mono, "people"), she gave them direction, teaching them acting, dancing and singing skills; naturally, she called her troupe's performances kabuki. The earliest performances of kabuki were dancing and song with no significant plot, often disdained as gaudy and cacophonous, but equally lauded as colorful and beautiful.

Though she required her male actors to play female roles and her female actors to play that of the males, she was known for playing roles of either gender. In particular, she was best known for her roles as samurai and Christian priests.

Eventually, with the aid of Ujisato Sanzaburō, who supported Okuni financially as well as artistically, kabuki evolved into drama. On a more personal level, Sanzaburō was also said to be Okuni's lover, though they did not marry. After his death she continued without him, continuing to merge the drama with the music and dance. Eventually, her fame and that of her kabuki troupe spread throughout Japan.

Later years

Okuni retired around 1610, and after that time she disappeared. There were many imitators of kabuki theatre. In particular, brothels offered such shows to amuse wealthy clients, as well as to gain prostitutes who had acting and singing skills. Eventually, due to public outcry of morals, the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu forbade women from performing in kabuki, a standing practice in the official theatres even today.

There are several theories of her year of death, some say in 1613, others in 1658.

In 2003 a statue was erected in her honor, on Kawabata Street at the north of the Shijō Ōhashi, near the shore of the Kamo River in Kyoto.



Cultural impact

In addition to her supposed founding of kabuki, Okuni contributed to Japanese theatre in general. She is said to have introduced the forerunner of the hanamichi (path of flowers), a runway leading from the rear of the theatre and crossing between the audience to the stage. This has been incorporated in several Japanese theatre arts beyond that of kabuki.

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Saika Magoichi, also called Saiga Magoichi or in western order Magoichi Saiga/Saika,was the name given to the leader of the Saiga Ikki who was born in 1535A.D (referred to in the Samurai Warriors games as the Saika Mercenaries, although arguably a misnomer). Suzuki Sadayu and Suzuki Shigehide were examples of people who held this title. Suzuki Shigehide is perhaps the better known of the two, known for supporting the Ikko resistance against Oda Nobunaga, and apparently the de facto basis for fictional incarnations of Magoichi.

Magoichi in Video Games



In Onimusha 2 Saika Magoichi is a calm musketeer trying to protect Saiga village from Nobunaga's army. He feels indebted to the women of the village because his mother died at a young age, so the women raised him. He raises doubts among Ankokuji Ekei and Yagyu Jubei (actually he was the first Jubei, grandfather of the infamous Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi, Yagyu Muneyoshi) when Tokichiro Kinoshita/Toyotomi Hideyoshi accuses him of serving Nobunaga. This same Magoichi is also in Onimusha: Tactics, as well as Onimusha: Blade Warriors. He also served as a mentor to Ohatsu, Oichi's/Oyu's daughter, from Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams, tutoring her in the wielding of firearms.

Magoichi is also a playable character in the Samurai Warriors series, wielding in both installments a musket with underbarrel bayonet. Magoichi is laid back, dressed in a trench coat and bears no resemblance to either Suzuki Shigehide nor Suzuki Sadayu (in fact, he cannot be Suzuki Sadayu; Suzuki is a separate character in the sequel). He fights to protect the people he cares about most, and even makes a friendly rival out of Maeda Keiji. He has a slight womanizing obsession, but more along the lines of Vash from Trigun. In his story path, beginning with the Battle of Ise (a fictional representation of the fall of Nagashima), and following a continuing anti-Nobunaga campaign, one ending has him becoming a wanderer after the surrender of the Ishiyama Honganji (having joined their campaign against Nobunaga), whereas a second ending has him years later raiding Azuchi Castle and killing Nobunaga.

In Samurai Warriors 2, his storyline is revised to have him be a mercenary leader originally on friendly terms with Hashiba Hideyoshi, first fighting for Nobunaga at Anegawa and then opposing him in a later stage at Osaka Bay (intended to briefly touch on the Honganji). Angered by a retaliatory attack on his village (though he is able to mitigate the damage) and temporarily breaking his friendship with Hideyoshi, he rushes over to Honnō-ji where, amidst the chaos, he shoots and kills Nobunaga, and repentant Akechi Mitsuhide is the one to take the blame. Ironically enough at the end of the Battle of Yamazaki (his final stage) while standing over Mitsuhide's body he is mortally wounded by a random shot in the back fired from offscreen, and his ending has him surviving long enough to stagger into camp before collapsing and apparently dying in Hideyoshi's arms. However, in Date Masamune's ending he is shown as surviving, though it is set years after Yamazaki.

KOEI, which is behind both games, In the Nobunaga's Ambition series (in particular installments XI and XII) and in Taikou Risshiden (in particular V). He also appears as an enemy general in Kessen III.

He is also a hidden playable character in Visco Games' arcade shoot-em-up Vasara 2, and is the grandfather of the female Saika Magoichi in the prequel game, Vasara. In both games, Magoichi uses a pair of fans in addition to the standard shooting attack, which light on fire and whirl around him/her for a short time; This attack has a far shorter range in Vasara 2 than in Vasara, however (possibly due to Vasara 2's larger change in scale in comparison to the prequel), requiring Magoichi to get almost point-blank with opponents to inflict damage.

Married to lady Saika (who is 1year older than he is)from (1534 A.D-1579A.D) Hardly any information is known about Magoichi's wife only that she was born in 1534A.D. Also, they married when Magoichi was 20 & lady Saika was 21. They were married for 25 years until Magoichi was killed in battle. Magoichi and his wife had a relationship since they were 12. It is unknown whether they had any children or not. He also had a younger sister.

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Takeda Shingen (December 1, 1521 – May 13, 1573) of Shinano and Kai Provinces, was a preeminent daimyo or feudal lord with military prestige who sought for the control of Japan in the late stage of Sengoku or "warring states" period.



Takeda Shingen was born Takeda Tarō (Katsuchiyo), but was later given the formal name of Takeda Harunobu. This name change was authorised by Ashikaga Yoshiharu, the 12th Ashikaga Shogun.[citation needed]

In 1559, his name was changed again (this time by his own will) to the well-known Takeda Shingen. Shin is the contemporary Chinese pronunciation of the character nobu, which means "believe"; gen means "black", the color of intelligence and truth in Buddhism.

Shingen is sometimes referred to as "The Tiger of Kai" for his martial prowess on the battlefield. His primary rival, Uesugi Kenshin, was often called "The Dragon of Echigo" or also "The Tiger of Echigo Province". In Chinese mythology, the dragon and the tiger have always been bitter rivals who try to defeat one another, but they always fight to a draw.

Takeda Shingen was the first born son of Takeda Nobutora, leader of the Takeda clan, and daimyo of the province of Kai. He had been an accomplished poet in his youth. He assisted his father with the older relatives and vassals of the Takeda family, and became quite a valuable addition to the clan at a fairly young age. But at some point in his life after his "coming of age" ceremony, the young man decided to rebel against his father.

He finally succeeded at the age of 21, successfully taking control of the clan. Events regarding this change of leadership are not entirely clear, but it is thought that his father had planned to name the second son, Takeda Nobushige, as his heir instead of Shingen. The end result for the father was a miserable retirement that was forced upon him by his son and his supporters: he was sent to Suruga Province (on the southern border of Kai) to be kept in custody under the scrutiny of the Imagawa clan, led by Imagawa Yoshimoto, the daimyo of Suruga. For their help in this bloodless coup, an alliance was formed between the Imagawa and the Takeda clans.

When Takeda Shingen was 49 years old, he was the only daimyo with the necessary power and tactical skill to stop Oda Nobunaga's rush to rule Japan. He engaged Tokugawa Ieyasu's forces in 1572 and captured Futamata, and then stepped forward once again in January at the battle of Mikatagahara. At Mikata-ga-hara, Takeda Shingen defeated a small combined army of Nobunaga and Ieyasu, but the victory was not decisive. After defeating Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shingen actually checked his forward momentum for a small time due to outside influences, which allowed Tokugawa to get ready for battle again. He entered Mikawa Province but soon died of illness in camp.He was buried at Erin-ji in what is now Kōshū, Yamanashi.

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Date Masamune (September 5, 1567 – June 27, 1636) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi-Momoyama period through early Edo period. Heir to a long line of powerful daimyo in the Tohoku region, he went on to found the modern-day city of Sendai. An outstanding tactician, he was made all the more iconic for his missing eye, for which he was often called dokuganryū, or the "one-eyed dragon."



Date Masamune was the eldest son of Date Terumune, born in Yonezawa Castle (in modern Yamagata Prefecture). At the age of 14 in 1581 Masamune led his first campaign, helping his father fight the Sōma family. In 1584, at the age of 18, Masamune succeeded his father, Terumune, who chose to retire the position of daimyo. The Date family was founded in the early Kamakura period by Isa Tomomune, who originally came from the Isa district of Hitachi Province (now Ibaraki Prefecture). The family took its name from the Date district (now Fukushima Prefecture) of Mutsu Province, which had been awarded to Isa Tomomune by Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first Kamakura shogun, for his assistance in the Minamoto-Taira War (1180–85) and in Minamoto no Yoritomo’s struggle for power with his brother, Minamoto no Yoshitsune.

Masamune is known for a few things that made him stand out from other daimyo of the time. In particular, his famous crescent-moon-bearing helmet gained him a fearsome reputation. As a child, smallpox robbed him of sight in his right eye, though it is unclear exactly how he lost the organ entirely. Some sources say he plucked out the eye himself when a senior member of the clan pointed out that an enemy could grab it in a fight. Others say that he had his trusted retainer Katakura Kojūrō gouge out the eye for him. Because of his missing eye, his own mother condemned him as being unfit to take over as clan leader and began favoring his younger brother as heir.

The Date clan had built alliances with neighboring clans with marriages over previous generations. However, there were many disputes over the lands during 15th and 16th century. Shortly after Masamune's succession, a Date retainer named Ōuchi Sadatsuna defected to the Ashina clan of the Aizu region. Masamune declared war on the Ashina for this betrayal, but his army was halted by the Ashina general Iwashiro Morikuni, who forced Masamune to retire the campaign. Masamune took control of Obama Castle after this.

With the rise of Masamune, formerly amicable relationships were cast aside as he began to attack and conquer all of the surrounding lands, even those of his kin in Mutsu and Dewa Provinces. Shocked by his ruthlessness, a neighboring family, the Hatakeyama, desperately appealed to Date Terumune to rein in his son's military campaigns. Invited to dinner by the Hatakeyama, Terumune said that he was unable to control his son. In an unheard of act of desperation, the family kidnapped Terumune and attempted to take him back with them. Masamune, who was out hunting, received word of the kidnapping. When he and his men closed in on the kidnappers as they were about to cross a river, Terumune ordered his son's men to kill their enemy all even sacrifice Terumune. Masamune's men did as they were told and killed everyone, including Terumune.Masamune continued the war and tortured and killed the families of his father's kidnappers.

After defeating the Ashina in 1589, he made Aizu domain his base of operations.

On the other hand, his relationship with his mother, Yoshihime, was getting worse and worse. Yoshihime insisted Masamune's resignation and succession of her second son, Kojiro. According to some historians, she tried to poison him one night while serving him dinner. Masamune consequently killed his own brother in order to come to power.[6] After this tragedy, his mother fled to her brother's home, the Mogami clan.[7]

In 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi seized Odawara Castle and compelled the Tohoku daimyos to participate in the campaign. Although Masamune refused Hideyoshi's demand at first, he had no choice since Hideyoshi was the virtual ruler of Japan. Masamune delayed, infuriating Hideyoshi. Expecting to be executed, Masamune, wearing his finest clothes and showing no fear, faced his angry overlord. Not wanting further trouble, Hideyoshi spared his life. After serving Hideyoshi for a time, he was given Iwatesawa castle and the surrounding lands as his home domain. Masamune moved there in 1591, rebuilt the castle, renamed it Iwadeyama, and encouraged the growth of a town at its base. Masamune stayed at Iwadeyama for 13 years and turned the region into a major political and economic center. He and his men served with distinction in the Korean invasions under Hideyoshi and, after Hideyoshi's death, he began to support Tokugawa Ieyasu — apparently at the advice of Katakura Kojuuruo.

Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded Masamune the lordship of the huge and profitable Sendai domain, which made Masamune one of Japan’s most powerful daimyo. Tokugawa had promised Masamune a one million koku domain, but, even after substantial improvements were made, the land only produced 640,000 koku, most of which was used to feed the Edo region. In 1604, Masamune, accompanied by 52,000 vassals and their families, moved to what was then the small fishing village of Sendai. He left his fourth son, Date Muneyasu, to rule Iwadeyama. Masamune would turn Sendai into a large and prosperous city.

Although Masamune was a patron of the arts and sympathized with the foreign cause, he also was an aggressive and ambitious daimyo. When he first took over the Date clan, he suffered a few major defeats from powerful and influential clans such as the Ashina. These defeats were arguably caused by recklessness on Masamune's part.

Being a major power figure of northern Japan, Masamune was naturally viewed with suspicion, as any potential rival would be viewed. Toyotomi Hideyoshi reduced the size of his land holdings after his tardiness in coming to the Siege of Odawara against Hōjō Ujimasa. Later in his life, Tokugawa Ieyasu increased the size of his lands again, but was constantly suspicious of Masamune and his policies. He was particularly suspicious of foreign missionaries, whom he perceived as a threat to his power. Because of this, he ordered the death of Padre Sotelo after his journey around the world. Although Tokugawa Ieyasu and other allies of the Date were always suspicious of him, Date Masamune for the most part served the Tokugawa and Toyotomi loyally. He took part in Hideyoshi's campaigns in Korea, and in the Osaka campaigns. When Tokugawa Ieyasu was on his deathbed, Masamune visited him and read him a piece of Zen poetry. Masamune was highly respected for his ethics; a still-quoted aphorism is, "Rectitude carried to excess hardens into stiffness; benevolence indulged beyond measure sinks into weakness."

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi (2 Februari 1536 - 18 September 1598 adalah pemimpin Jepang mulai dari zaman Sengoku sampai zaman Azuchi Momoyama.



Lahir sebagai anak petani di desa Nakamura, provinsi Owari (sebelah barat Prefektur Aichi), sewaktu menjadi tangan kanan daimyō Oda Nobunaga yang paling diandalkan. Setelah berhasil berdamai dengan klan Mōri di daerah Chūgoku, Hideyoshi menarik kembali pasukannya (peristiwa Penarikan Pasukan dari Chūgoku) ke Kyoto menemukan Oda Nobunaga sang majikan dibunuh oleh bawahannya Akechi Mitsuhide dalam Insiden Honnōji (honnōji no hen?).

Hideyoshi mewariskan kekuasaan Oda Nobunaga setelah berhasil menghabisi Akechi Mitsuhide dalam Pertempuran Yamazaki. Hideyoshi membangun Istana Osaka, tapi mengingat latar belakangnya sebagai orang biasa, Kaisar belum bisa memberikan gelar shogun, sehingga untuk sementara Hideyoshi diberi gelar Kampaku. Pada waktu menerima jabatan Dajō daijin ( 1586), kaisar menghadiahkan nama keluarga Toyotomi. Setelah berhasil menjadi pemimpin yang mempersatukan seluruh wilayah Jepang, Toyotomi Hideyoshi mengadakan survei wilayah yang disebut Taikōkenchi (, Taikōkenchi?) dan melarang orang di luar kalangan bushi untuk memiliki senjata katana. Di tengah invasi ke Korea yang disebut Perang Tujuh Tahun (Bunroku-keichō no eki?), Toyotomi Hideyoshi tutup usia setelah mewariskan kekuasaan kepada putranya Toyotomi Hideyori yang dititipkannya kepada Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Perjalanan hidup Toyotomi Hideyoshi yang luar biasa dari anak petani sampai menjadi orang nomor satu di zaman Sengoku sering dijadikan bahan cerita yang dikisahkan secara turun temurun dan sering dilebih-lebihkan. Toyotomi Hideyoshi konon pernah membangun Istana Sunomata dalam waktu semalam, mempertaruhkan nyawa dalam Pertempuran Kanegasaki agar posisi Oda Nobunaga yang sedang terjepit maut bisa lolos melarikan diri, dan pernah menyerang Istana Takamatsu dengan banjiran air.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi berhasil menjadi pemimpin pemersatu Jepang setelah menaklukkan klan Gohōjō yang merupakan musuh besar terakhir. Hideyoshi berhasil menghentikan perang berkecamuk sejak lama dan menandai berakhirnya periode Sengoku.

Pada tahun 1591, Hideyoshi melakukan suksesi, jabatan Kampaku diwariskan Hideyoshi kepada keponakannya yang bernama Toyotomi Hidetsugu, sedangkan Hideyoshi mendapat gelar Taikō (sebutan kehormatan untuk pensiunan Kampaku).

Ada cerita tentang Hideyoshi yang kabarnya pernah memerintahkan pengikutnya, seorang guru upacara minum teh ( sajin) yang bernama Sen no Rikyū untuk bunuh diri. Furuta Shigeteru dan Hosokawa Tadaoki sudah berusaha menjelaskan duduk perkara dan memohon kepada Hideyoshi untuk mengampuni nyawa Sen no Rikyū tapi ternyata tidak ditanggapi. Sen no Rikyū akhirnya melakukan seppuku dan kepalanya dipertontonkan di jembatan Ichijōmodori. Ada berbagai pendapat yang bertentangan mengenai sebab terjadinya peristiwa ini.

Pada tahun itu juga (1591), terjadi pemberontakan yang disebabkan oleh seluruh anggota keluarga klan Nambu terlibat sengketa soal pewaris kekuasaan Kunohe Masazane. Hideyoshi segera menyetujui permohonan bantuan dari Nambu Nobunao dan menunjuk Toyotomi Hidetsugu sebagai panglima pasukan gabungan. Pasukan gabungan untuk menyerbu Kunohe terdiri dari pasukan pimpinan Gamō Ujisato, Asano Nagamasa, dan Ishida Mitsunari. Pasukan milik para daimyo dari wilayah Tohoku juga diperintahkan untuk bergabung, sehingga pasukan jumlahnya makin bertambah banyak. Konon jumlah pasukan yang menyerbu Kuzunohe hingga mencapai 60.000 prajurit. Kakak beradik Kunohe Masazane dan Kunohe Sanechika memang mengadakan perlawanan tapi akhirnya tidak berdaya diserang pasukan dalam jumlah besar dan menyerah. Pemberontakan selesai setelah seluruh anggota keluarga klan Kunohe dihabisi dengan cara dipenggal.

Pada tahun 1592, Hideyoshi mengirim pasukan ke dinasti Joseon (sekarang dikenal sebagai Korea). Perang ini disebut Perang Tujuh Tahun (bunroku keichō no eki?). Pada saat awalnya, pasukan Joseon dapat mudah ditaklukkan, Hanyang (sekarang dikenal sebagai Seoul) pun berhasil dikuasai pasukan Hideyoshi. Situasi perang bertambah buruk akibat datangnya bala bantuan dari dinasti Ming dan perlawanan pasukan relawan dari berbagai daerah di Joseon, sehingga harus dibuat gencatan senjata.

Pada tahun 1593 lahir seorang anak laki-laki yang dinamakan Toyotomi Hideyori dari istri muda Hideyoshi yang bernama Yodo dono. Dua tahun kemudian (1595), keponakan Hideyoshi yang bernama Toyotomi Hidetsugu diperintahkan untuk melakukan seppuku dengan alasan perbuatan Hidetsugu sudah tidak terkendali sampai-sampai mendapat julukan "Kampaku haus darah." Penasehat Hidetsugu dan pengikut setia Hideyoshi seperti Maeno Nagayasu juga dianggap terlibat sehingga diperintahkan melakukan seppuku. Seluruh anggota keluarga Hidetsugu seperti istri dan anak-anaknya juga dihukum mati. Ada berbagai pendapat yang meragukan perbuatan perbuatan yang di luar batas yang dilakukan Hidetsugu. Pendapat lain mengatakan Hidetsugu dianggap tidak dibutuhkan lagi karena kelahiran Toyotomi Hideyori yang merupakan anak sah dari Yodo dono sekaligus pewaris klan Hideyoshi.

Kegagalan perundingan damai menyebabkan Hideyoshi kembali menginvasi Joseon untuk yang kedua kali pada tahun 1597. Di tengah kemelut invasi ke Joseon, Hideyoshi yang menderita kanker perut merasa umurnya tidak akan lama lagi. Pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1598, Hideyoshi memanggil lima pembantu seniornya dan menunjuk Tokugawa Ieyasu dan Toyotomi Hideyori sebagai pelaksana tugas sehari-hari, sedangkan Maeda Toshiie ditunjuk sebagai pendamping Hideyori yang masih kecil. Hideyoshi lalu tutup usia di Istana Fushimi di usia 62 tahun.

Invasi ke Joseon berakhir setelah wafatnya Hideyoshi. Perang ini menyebabkan kerugian besar pada tentara rakyat Joseon dan kerusakan besar-besaran wilayah Joseon. Kerugian besar juga dialami pasukan bala bantuan dari kekaisaran dinasti Ming, tapi pihak Jepang justru mengalami kerugian yang jauh lebih besar. Prajurit terbaik Hideyoshi banyak yang gugur di medan laga Joseon, sehingga hubungan antara klan Hideyoshi dan para pengikutnya menjadi retak. Salah satu agenda politik luar negeri Keshogunan Tokugawa adalah memperbaiki hubungan buruk antara Jepang dan Joseon.

Sebelum tutup usia, Hideyoshi menulis puisi perpisahan berupa tanka yang berbunyi: tsuyu to ochi tsuyu to kienishi wagamikana naniwa no koto wa yume no mata yume (tsuyu to ochi tsuyu to kienishi wagamikana naniwa no koto wa yume no mata yume? embun jatuhlah, embun lalu hilanglah, jalan hidupku, kisah tentang Naniwa, mimpi di dalam mimpi).

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Komatsuhime (1573-March 27, 1620) was a Japanese woman of the late Azuchi-Momoyama through early Edo periods. Born the daughter of Honda Tadakatsu, she was adopted by Tokugawa Ieyasu, before marrying Sanada Nobuyuki. She is described as having been very beautiful and highly intelligent.

Komatsuhime was known in her childhood as Inahime and also Onei .After witnessing the martial prowess of the Sanada at the Battle of Ueda, she and her father were captivated by them. Tokugawa Ieyasu himself arranged for Komatsuhime to marry Sanada Nobuyuki, the Sanada lord.

In 1600, when Nobuyuki had decided to cast his lot with the Tokugawa, his father Masayuki (who had not done so) was en route to visit him at Ueda Castle, accompanied by his other son, the famed Sanada Yukimura. The two stopped at Numata Castle, where Komatsuhime was managing affairs. Masayuki relayed a message to her: "I want to see my grandchildren," and in response, the princess emerged, dressed in full battle attire, saying "Since we have parted ways in this conflict, though you are my father-in-law I cannot allow you into this castle." Masayuki and Yukimura withdrew to Shōkakuji Temple, and were surprised when they saw Komatsuhime (with her children) arrive soon after them, honoring Masayuki's wish. After the Battle of Sekigahara, during Masayuki and Yukimura's exile, she took charge of sending them food and other daily necessities.

All in all, Komatsuhime was praised as a good wife and wise mother (ryōsai kenbo). She died in Kōnosu, Musashi Province at age 47, while en route to the Kusatsu hot spring.[3] Nobuyuki lamented her passing, saying that "the light of my house has been extinguished."[4] Her grave can be found there. Today, in the museum at Ueda Castle, visitors can see items that she used, including her palanquin.

In the video game Samurai Warriors 2, Komatsuhime (known as Ina in the game) is a warrior who is deeply conflicted on her reason for fighting; for peace or enjoyment[citation needed]. She wields a long bladed bow, and can attack in melee combat and also at range. Additionally, in the game, she is charged with one of Hattori Hanzo's accomplishment during Ieyasu's journey in Iga: escorting Anayama Nobukimi, while Hanzo escorts the lord personally. Historically, Hanzō took both tasks at once and succeeded them both.



Ina also appears in the crossover game Warriors Orochi. In it, she befriends Sun Shang Xiang after Orochi blackmails the Tokugawa and the Wu Army into servitude. Although both of them are forced to fight for Orochi against their will, they end up joining the Resistance after Ina convinces Sun Shang Xiang to reunite with her older brother Sun Ce at Sekigahara.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu (January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Ieyasu seized power in 1600, received appointment as shogun in 1603, abdicated from office in 1605, but remained in power until his death in 1616. His given name is sometimes spelled Iyeyasu, according to the historical pronunciation of we.



In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of shogun from Emperor Go-Yozei.[6] Ieyasu was 60 years old. He had outlasted all the other great men of his times: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Shingen, Kenshin. He was the shogun and he used his remaining years to create and solidify the Tokugawa shogunate (That was eventually to become the Edo period, about two hundred years under Ieyasu's Shogunate) , the third shogunal government (after the Minamoto and the Ashikaga). He claimed descent from the Minamoto clan by way of the Nitta family{disputed}. Ironically Ieyasu descendants would marry into the Taira and Fujiwara Clans. The Tokugawa Shogunate would rule Japan for the next 250 years.

Tokugawa Shogun

Following a well established Japanese pattern, Ieyasu abdicated his official position as shogun in 1605. His successor was his son and heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. This may have been done, in part to avoid being tied up in ceremonial duties, and in part to make it harder for his enemies to attack the real power center.[7] The abdication of Ieyasu had no effect on the practical extent of his powers or his rule; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the bakufu bureaucracy.

Ieyasu, acting as the Cloistered Shogun or Ogosho, was the effective ruler of Japan, remaining so until his death. Ieyasu retired to Sunpu, but he also supervised the building of Edo Castle, a massive construction project which lasted for the rest of Ieyasu's life. The end result was the largest castle in all of Japan, the costs for building the castle being borne by all the other daimyo, while Ieyasu reaped all the benefits. The central donjon, or tenshu, burned in the 1657 Meireki fire. Today, the Imperial Palace stands on the site of the castle. Ogosho Ieyasu also supervised diplomatic affairs with the Netherlands and Spain. He chose to distance Japan from the Europeans starting in 1609, although the bakufu did give the Dutch exclusive trading rights and permitted them to maintain a "factory" for trading purposes. From 1605 till his death, Ieyasu consulted with an English Protestant pilot in Dutch employ, William Adams, who played a noteworthy role in forming and furthering the Shogunate's evolving relations with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1611, Ieyasu, at the head of 50,000 men, visited Kyoto to witness the coronation of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. In Kyoto, Ieyasu ordered the remodeling of the imperial court and buildings, and forced the remaining western daimyo to sign an oath of fealty to him. In 1613, he composed the Kuge Shohatto' a document which put the court daimyo under strict supervision, leaving them as mere ceremonial figureheads. The influences of Christianity, which was beset by quarreling over the Protestant Reformation and its aftermath, on Japan were proving problematic for Ieyasu. In 1614, he signed the Christian Expulsion Edict which banned Christianity, expelled all Christians and foreigners, and banned Christians from practicing their religion. As a result, many Kirishitans (early Japanese Christians) fled to the Spanish Philippines. In 1615, he prepared the Buke Shohatto, a document setting out the future of the Tokugawa regime.

Ieyasu as a person

Ieyasu had a number of qualities that enabled him to rise to greatness. He was both careful and bold — at the right times, and at the right places. Calculating and subtle, Ieyasu switched alliances when he thought he would benefit from the change. He allied with the Hōjō clan, then he joined Hideyoshi's army of conquest which destroyed the Hōjō clan and he himself took over their lands. In this he was like other daimyo of his time. This was an era of violence, sudden death and betrayal. He was not very well liked, and he was not personally popular. But he was feared and he was respected for his leadership and his cunning. For example he wisely kept his soldiers out of Hideyoshi's disastrous campaign in Korea.

He was capable of great loyalty; once he allied with Oda Nobunaga, he never went against Nobunaga, and both leaders profited from their long alliance. He was known for being loyal towards his personal friends and vassals whom he rewarded. However, he also remembered those who wronged him in the past. It is said that Ieyasu executed a man who came into his power because he had insulted him when Ieyasu was young.

Ieyasu protected many former Takeda retainers from the wrath of Oda Nobunaga, who was known to harbor a bitter grudge towards the Takeda. He managed to successfully transform many of the retainers of the Takeda, Hōjō, and Imagawa clans — all whom he defeated himself or helped to defeat — into loyal followers.

He had nineteen wives and concubines, by whom he had eleven sons and five daughters. The eleven sons of Ieyasu were Matsudaira Nobuyasu, Yūki Hideyasu, Tokugawa Hidetada, Matsudaira Tadayoshi, Takeda Nobuyoshi, Matsudaira Tadateru, Matsuchiyo, Senchiyo, Tokugawa Yoshinao, Tokugawa Yorinobu, and Tokugawa Yorifusa. (In this listing, the two sons without surnames died before adulthood.) His daughters were Kame hime, Toku hime, Furi hime, Matsu hime, Eishōin hime, and Ichi hime. He is said to have cared for his children and grandchildren, establishing three of them, Yorinobu, Yoshinao, and Yorifusa as the daimyo of Kii, Owari, and Mito provinces, respectively. At the same time, he could be ruthless when crossed. For example, he ordered the executions of his first wife and his eldest son-a son-in-law of Oda Nobunaga; Oda was also an uncle of Hidetada's wife Oeyo.

After Hidetada became shogun he married Oeyo of the Oda family of the Taira clan and they had two sons, Tokugawa Iemitsu and Tokugawa Tadanaga. They also had two daughters, one of whom, Sen hime, married twice. The other daughter, Kazuko hime, married Emperor Go-Mizunoo of descent from the Fujiwara clan.

Ieyasu's favorite pastime was hawking. He regarded it as excellent training for a warrior. "When you go into the country hawking, you learn to understand the military spirit and also the hard life of the lower classes. You exercise your muscles and train your limbs. You have any amount of walking and running and become quite indifferent to heat and cold, and so you are little likely to suffer from any illness."[11]. Ieyasu swam often; even late in his life he is reported to have swum in the moat of Edo Castle. Later in life he took to scholarship and religion, patronizing scholars like Hayashi Razan.

Two of his famous quotes:

"Life is like unto a long journey with a heavy burden. Let thy step be slow and steady, that thou stumble not. Persuade thyself that imperfection and inconvenience are the natural lot of mortals, and there will be no room for discontent, neither for despair. When ambitious desires arise in thy heart, recall the days of extremity thou has passed through. Forbearance is the root of quietness and assurance forever. Look upon the wrath of the enemy. If thou knowest only what it is to conquer, and knowest not what it is like to be defeated, woe unto thee; it will fare ill with thee. Find fault with thyself rather than with others."

"The strong manly ones in life are those who understand the meaning of the word patience. Patience means restraining one's inclinations. There are seven emotions: joy, anger, anxiety, love, grief, fear, and hate, and if a man does not give way to these he can be called patient. I am not as strong as I might be, but I have long known and practiced patience. And if my descendants wish to be as I am, they must study patience."

He claimed that he fought, as a warrior or a general, in 90 battles. In some sources Ieyasu is known to have the bad habit of biting his nails when nervous, especially before and during battle. He was interested in various kenjutsu skills, was a patron of the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū school and also had them as his personal sword instructors.

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Ishida Mitsunari(1560 - 6 November 1600 atau 1 Oktober tahun ke-5 era Keichō) adalah daimyo zaman Azuchi Momoyama yang pernah menjabat salah satu anggota lima pelaksana pemerintahan (Go Bugyō) di masa pemerintahan Toyotomi. Ishida Mitsunari merupakan pemimpin kubu Pasukan Barat dalam Pertempuran Sekigahara.



Profil

Kisah tiga cangkir teh

Hashiba Hideyoshi yang sedang berada di provinsi Ōmi mampir ke kuil Kanon meminta minum karena haus. Pembantu pendeta memberi Hideyoshi secangkir teh dingin yang langsung diminum habis oleh Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi yang masih merasa haus meminta tambah lagi secangkir teh lagi. Cangkir kedua berisi teh hangat yang langsung diminum habis oleh Hideyoshi. Setelah cangkir teh kedua habis diminum, Hideyoshi masih meminta tambah secangkir teh lagi. Cangkir ketiga ternyata berisi teh yang sangat panas hingga membuat Hideyoshi kaget. Pembantu pendeta lalu menjelaskan bahwa cangkir teh pertama sebagai penghilang rasa haus, cangkir teh kedua untuk dinikmati perlahan-lahan, dan cangkir teh ketiga untuk lebih dinikmati perlahan-lahan lagi. Pembantu pendeta ini nantinya dikenal sebagai Ishida Mitsunari, tapi kisah ini berasal dari zaman Edo dan kemungkinan besar merupakan cerita karangan orang.

Pengagum putri bekas majikan

Setelah wafatnya, Ishida Mitsunari menjadi korban cerita yang menjelek-jelekkan dirinya yang dikarang sejarawan dari pemerintahan Keshogunan Tokugawa. Cerita yang banyak diketahui orang mengatakan Ishida Mitsunari jatuh cinta pada Yodo dono yang merupakan anak perempuan Azai Nagamasa walaupun tidak ada bukti istri Hideyoshi pernah berhubungan gelap dengan Mitsunari.

Cerita lain mengatakan Toyotomi Hideyori bukanlah putra Toyotomi Hideyoshi dengan Yodo dono, melainkan anak hubungan gelap Yodo dono dengan Mitsunari atau Ōno Harunaga. Cerita ini berasal dari pertengahan zaman Edo dan kemungkinan merupakan cerita hasil karangan orang.

Lukisan potret

Paling tidak ada 3 sampai 4 lukisan potret Ishida Mitsunari dan konon lukisan dibuat berdasarkan tengkorak kepala Mitsunari. Setelah badan dan kepala Ishida Mitsunari dipertontonkan di muka umum di Sanjōgawara, jasadnya dimakamkan di bagian kuil Daitokuji bernama Sangen-in yang dibangun Mitsunari sewaktu masih hidup. Ada juga cerita yang mengatakan pintu gerbang rumah kediaman Mitsunari di Fushimi dipindahkan ke kuil Sangen-in.

Setelah beristirahat lebih dari 300 tahun, makam Mitsunari di kuil Sangen-in digali kembali di tahun 1907 oleh peneliti sejarah bernama Watanabe Seiu dari Tokyo Imperial University untuk keperluan penulisan biografi. Adachi Buntarō dari bagian anatomi Universitas Tokyo melakukan penelitian atas sisa tulang dan memotret tengkorak kepala Ishida Mitsunari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Mitsunari berperawakan sedang, bergigi tonggos dan sewaktu meninggal berusia sekitar 41 tahun.

Pada tahun 1976 dilakukan rekonstruksi wajah Ishida Mitsunari dengan menggunakan bahan gips atas permintaan fotografer bernama Ishida Takayuki yang merupakan keturunan Ishida Mitsunari. Rekonstruksi dilakukan oleh mantan kepala bagian sains Kepolisian Metropolitan Tokyo yang bernama Nagayasu Shūichi. Pada saat yang bersamaan juga diukur tinggi badan Mitsunari dan menurut hasil pengukuran Mitsunari mempunyai tinggi badan 156 cm. Pada bulan Maret 1980, pelukis Jepang bernama Maeda Mikio menggambar lukisan potret Ishida Mitsunari berdasarkan rekonstruksi dari gips dan pengarahan Ishida Tetsurō dari Universitas Kedokteran Kansai. Lukisan potret Ishida Mitsunari sekarang dipajang di menara utama Istana Osaka.

Cucu keturunan

Mitsunari dikaruniai 5 putri dan 2 orang putra (Ishida Shigeie dan Ishida Shigenari). Pada saat terjadi Pertempuran Sekigahara, Ishida Shigeie sedang berada di Istana Sasayama. Setelah mendengar berita kekalahan di Sekigahara, Shigeie yang menerima perintah dari kakeknya langsung melarikan diri bersembunyi di kuil Myōshinji dan menjadi biksu. Permohonan ampun atas nyawa Ishida Shigeie yang diajukan pendeta kuil Myōshinji ternyata dikabulkan Tokugawa Ieyasu. Selanjutnya, Ishida Shigeie menjadi biksu kepala generasi ke-3 di kuil Jushōin yang berada di dalam lingkungan kuil Myōshinji. Ishida Shigeie wafat di usia 104 tahun pada tahun 1686.

Ishida Shigenari sedang berada di Istana Osaka sebagai koshō (pembantu pria) untuk Toyotomi Hideyori. Atas petunjuk teman sesama koshō bernama Tsugaru Nobutake (putra pewaris Tsugaru Tamenobu), Shigenari melarikan diri ke wilayah han Hirosaki (Tsugaru). Pada tahun 1610, Shigenari wafat di usia 25 tahun walaupun ada cerita yang mengatakan Shigenari wafat di tahun 1641. Anak keturunan Shigenari menjadi menteri senior di han Hirosaki setelah mengganti nama keluarga menjadi Sugiyama.

Anak perempuan Mitsunari (masih satu ibu dengan Shigeie) yang bernama Putri Osa (Tatsuko) menikah dengan Tsugaru Nobuhira (adik dari penguasa wilayah han Hirosaki bernama Tsugaru Nobutake). Putri Osa kemudian menikah sekali lagi dengan Oka Shigemasa (penasehat untuk Gamō Tadasato dari wilayah han Aizu).

Kedudukannya Putri Osa diturunkan menjadi istri simpanan, setelah sang suami Tsugaru Nobutake mengambil Putri Mate sebagai istri sah. Putri Osa kemudian melahirkan Tsugaru Nobuyoshi yang nantinya menjadi penguasa han Mutsu generasi ke-3. Dengan Oka Shigemasa, Putri Osa melahirkan Ofuri no kata yang kemudian menjadi istri Tokugawa Iemitsu.

Ofuri no kata melahirkan Putri Chiyo yang nantinya menjadi istri sah Tokugawa Mitsutomo (generasi kedua penguasa han [[Owari] dan salah satu dari percabangan keluarga Tokugawa yang disebut Gosanke). Putri Chiyo juga melahirkan Tokugawa Tsunanari yang nantinya mempunyai putra bernama Tokugawa Yoshimichi, Tokugawa Tsugutomo dan Tokugawa Muneharu yang selalu bertentangan dengan Tokugawa Yoshimune.

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Shima Tomoyuki, often called Shima Sakon, was a samurai working under Tsutsui. Shima eventually left the service of the Tsutsui, and eventually joined Ishida Mitsunari under the banner of the Uesugi Clan. he then traded alliances with Takeda Shingen under whom he learned the ways of the strategist. At the Battle of Sekigahara, Shima served as one of Ishida's higher ranking officers, commanding a unit of men 1,000 strong. Some sources suggest Shima lead musketmen and that his position had cannons. Early in the battle, he was wounded by fire from an army working for Tokugawa Ieyasu, and may have retreated once hit. There is no information as to if he died on the field or escaped, but many sources suggest he died of his wounds shortly after. His body was not recovered, suggesting he may have escaped the battlefield alive and died near Sekigahara, or went on living as a ronin.

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Shimazu Yoshihiro (August 21, 1535-August 30, 1619) was the second son of Shimazu Takahisa and younger brother of Shimazu Yoshihisa. It had traditionally been believed that he became the seventeenth head of the Shimazu clan after Yoshihisa, but it is currently believed that he let Yoshihisa keep his position.



He was a skilled general and the victory against Ito clan at the battle of Kigasakihara on 1572 is counted as one of his many victories. He contributed greatly to the unification of Kyūshū. On 1587, facing Toyotomi Hideyoshi's troops that sought to pacify Kyūshū, Yoshihiro pressed for a war even after his brother and the head of clan Yoshihisa surrendered. After Yoshihisa repeatedly asked for the surrender, Yoshihiro finally did surrender. After Yoshihisa became a Buddhist monk, it had been believed that he became the head of the clan but the real power remained in Yoshihisa's hands.

He had been a willing and a skillful general for Hideyoshi. On both 1592 and 1597 of the Seven-Year War, Yoshihiro set his foot on the Korean peninsula and successfully carried out a series of battles. On 1597, working together with Todo Takatora, Katō Yoshiaki and Konishi Yukinaga, Yoshihiro defeated Won Kyun's navy, killing the commander Won Kyun in the battle. At the battle of Sacheon in 1598, facing Ming army counting 37,000, Yoshihiro defeated them with only 7,000 soldiers and killed several thousands in the battle. Shimazu troop under Yoshihiro was called "Oni-Shimazu(literal translation-Shimazu demons or Shimazu ogres)" by Ming. On the final battle of the war, the Battle of Noryang, Yoshihiro's fleet of 500 ships were completely routed by the combined Chosun/Ming navy under Yi Sun-Sin and Chen Lin . By the end of the battle, 200 out of the 500 Japanese vessels were sunk by a combined fleet of 80 Korean and 60 Chinese ships, resulting in one of Yoshihiro's greatest losses in this Korean campaign.

For the Battle of Sekigahara on 1600, Yoshihiro was supposed to take the side of Tokugawa Ieyasu, but he crushed against Torii Mototada on arriving for a rescue at Fushimi Castle and after being humiliated, took the side of Ishida Mitsunari instead. Yet Yoshihiro could not get along with Mitsunari as well, who did not listen to any of Yoshihiro's plan including surprise night attack on the day before the actual battle. On the day of the battle, Yoshihiro and his troop of 1500 simply held ground and did not fight at all. After the rest of Mitsunari's side was wiped out, Yoshihiro was stranded in at least 30,000 of Ieyasu's troop. Vastly outnumbered, Yoshihiro tried to make a charge against Ieyasu himself but after Shimazu Toyohisa demanded that he not kill himself over a meaningless battle, Yoshihiro instead chose to charge straight through Ieyasu's troop to make an exit at the other side. By having his troop make a fighting retreat called Sutegamari where until certain number of men died holding a position and repelling an attack, the main body of army fought as well. Toyohisa and the bulk of troop died, but the charge and the retreat was a success and fatally wounded Ii Naomasa. After beating back the chase, he picked up his wife at Sumiyoshi of Settsu Province and returned to Satsuma Province by ships.

After recognizing why and how Yoshihiro behaved on the battle field, Ieyasu had Shimazu clan retain its domain and let Yoshihiro's son Shimazu Tadatsune succeed him. Yoshihiro retired to Sakurajima and took up teaching younger generations. He died on 1619 and several of his retainers who had fought along him followed him by committing suicide.

Yoshihiro was essential to the Shimazu clan and both Ieyasu and Hideyoshi tried to divide the clan by treating Yoshihiro well, but treating the elder brother Yoshihisa badly, which did not succeed. He was a devoted Buddhist, and built a monument for enemy troops during the Seven-Year War.

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Tachibana Ginchiyo ( Tachibana Ginchiyo?) (September 23, 1569-November 30, 1602) was the head of the Japanese clan of Tachibana during the Sengoku Period of the 16th century. Ginchiyo was the daughter of Tachibana Dosetsu, retainer of the Ōtomo (which were rivals of the Shimazu clan at the time). Due to the fact that Dosetsu had no sons, he requested that Ginchiyo be made family head after his death. After about five years, Ginchiyo was married to Tachibana Muneshige, who carried on Dōsetsu's family line.

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Shibata Katsuie (1522–June 14, 1583) or Gonroku was a Japanese military commander during the Sengoku Period who served Oda Nobunaga.



Katsuie was born in the Shibata family, a cadet branch of the Shiba clan (who descended from the Ashikaga clan, and were the former suzerains of the Oda clan). Note the differences between Shibata , Shiba , and the Shibata clan of Echigo, (Shibata clan of Echigo).

He initially supported Oda Nobukatsu (Oda Nobuyuki), who was a young brother of Nobunaga, as he was his retainer. In 1556, he launched a coup d'etat against Nobunaga but after a loss at Battle of Ino, he withdrew his support and served under Nobunaga. This change of heart, brought on by Nobunaga executing his brother and sparing him, would earn praise from Nobunaga and the hand of his younger sister, Oichi, in marriage. In 1564, however, Oichi was married to Azai Nagamasa, who would end up facing off against a joint Oda/Tokugawa coalition at Anegawa in 1570 (which he, along with his Asakura allies, would lose). A second battle, at Odani Castle in 1573, saw Nagamasa, and end up isolated after the Asakura were routed in an ambush; realising the end was a forgone conclusion, he sent Oichi and their 3 daughters out and committed suicide along with his son. Katsuie was not present at Anegawa, as he had been besieged at Chokoji Castle by 4000 Rokkakku soldiers. He eventually won via an all-out attack that inspired the Rokkakku to retreat; this, along with a series of brilliant victories, gained him renown as "Oni Shibata".

In 1575, after gaining control of Echizen, he gained the castle of Kitanosho Castle(Hokujō) and was commanded to conquer the Hokuriku region. After controlling Kaga and Noto, he began a campaign against Etchu Province in 1581. In 1582, Nobunaga was assassinated at Honnō-ji but in a Siege of Matsukura and facing Uesugi's army, Katsuie was unable to return.

In a meeting in Kiyosu to determine the successor to Nobunaga, he supported Oda Nobutaka, the third son, for whom Katsuie had performed the genpuku ritual. He allied with Oda Nobutaka and Takigawa Kazumasa to battle Hideyoshi. However, his domain would be sealed off in the winter by snowfalls and this limited his ability. Both of his allies were defeated while Katsuie battled snowfalls and Uesugi. His forces, under the leadership of Sakuma Morimasa, besieged Nakagawa Kiyohide at Shizugatake in a move to turn the tide launching the battle of Shizugatake. Sakuma ignored Shibata's orders to merely test enemy's defence and was destroyed by returning Toyotomi Hideyoshi's forces. He retreated to Kitanoshō castle but with the army destroyed, Katsuie had no option but to surrender. Katsuie committed seppuku and set the fire to the castle. He implored Oichi to take their daughters and leave, but she decided to follow his death, while letting her daughters escape. Ironically, Katsuie had not so much as lifted a spear personally during the battle.

His death poem was:

Natsu no yo no
yumeji hakanaki
ato no na wo
kumoi ni ageyo
yamahototogisu

"Fleeting dream paths, in the autumn night! O bird of the mountain, carry my name beyond the clouds."

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Mori Ranmaru

A. Sejarah
Mori Ranmaru (1565 - 21 Juni 1582), lahir di Mori Nagamasa. Mori ranmaru adalah anak dari Mori Yoshinari. Sejak kecil Ranmaru telah disukai oleh Oda Nobunaga karena loyalitas dan kepintarannya. karena kepintarannya dia diberi 500 koku oleh Oda, setelah kematian Takeda Katsuyori dia diberi hadiah 50000 koku di Iwamura Castle. Ranmaru dan Saudara laki-lakinya menjaga Oda ketika terjadi kerusuhan di Honno-ji. Dia dan Oda melakukan seppuku ketika tertangkap. Ranmaru memiliki wajah yang tampan dan tampak seperti wanita karena terkesan feminim.

Bahkan yang bisa memahami Oda hanya Mori Ranmaru, sampai ada yang menggatakan kalau mau selamat dari kemarahan Oda bersembunyilah di belakang Toyotomi Hideyoshi atau Mori Ranmaru

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Minamoto no Yoshitsune (1159 - 15 Juni 1189) adalah samurai klan Minamoto di akhir zaman Heian yang berasal dari klan Kawachi Genji. Yoshitsune adalah adik lain ibu dari pendiri Keshogunan Kamakura, Minamoto no Yoritomo. Nama aliasnya adalah Kurō Yoshitsune.




Yoshitsune dilahirkan sebagai Ushiwakamaru, putra ke-9 dari kepala klan Kawachi Genji bernama Minamoto no Yoshitomo. Setelah ayahnya terbunuh dalam Pemberontakan Heiji melawan Taira no Kiyomori, Ushiwakamaru dititipkan di kuil Kurama. Selanjutnya ia dipindahkan ke Hiraizumi di Mutsu, dan dititipkan kepada Fujiwara no Hidehira yang menjabat kepala klan Ōshū Fujiwara sekaligus penguasa Mutsu. Sementara itu, kakak tertua Yoshitsune, Yoritomo terus memimpin perlawanan untuk menggulingkan klan Taira yang disebut Pemberontakan zaman Jishō-Jūei (Perang Genpei). Setelah dewasa, Yoshitsune bergabung membantu Yoritomo, dimulai dari Pertempuran Ichi-no-Tani, Pertempuran Yashima, hingga akhirnya klan Minamoto berhasil menghancurkan armada klan Taira dalam Pertempuran Dan-no-ura. Walaupun berjasa besar sebagai pemimpin perang, Yoshitsune tidak diberi penghargaan yang pantas oleh Yoritomo, dan sebagian wilayah kekuasaannya dirampas. Yoshitsune dianggap memperlihatkan sikap memberontak sehingga dicap sebagai musuh kaisar dan menjadi buronan di seluruh negeri. Dalam pelariannya, Yoshitsune meminta perlindungan klan Ōshū Fujiwara yang pernah membesarkannya. Fujiwara no Yasuhira berhasil didesak Yoritomo agar menangkap Yoshitsune. Yasuhira menyerang Yoshitsune yang sedang berada di Koromogawa no tachi (sekarang ada di kota Ōshū, Prefektur Iwate). Yoshitsune yang sudah terkepung akhirnya bunuh diri.

Kematian Yoshitsune menerima banyak simpati dari banyak orang. Dari kisah Yoshitsune dikenal istilah Hōgan biiki (Hōgan biiki?) yang merupakan ungkapan simpati orang Jepang terhadap pihak yang kalah (istilah ini tidak dibaca sebagai Han-gan biiki). Hōgan adalah jabatan yang diberikan kaisar kepada Yoshitsune, sedangkan hiiki berarti "simpati" atau "melindungi". Ungkapan ini kurang lebih berarti, "Pihak yang lemah dengan alasan ia lemah, maka banyak orang yang bersimpati."

Masa kecil

Minamoto no Yoshitomo dan Tokiwa Gozen memberi nama Ushiwakamaru kepada putra ke-9 mereka yang nantinya dikenal sebagai Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Di tahun 1159, setelah ayahnya ikut dalam Pemberontakan Heiji dan tewas, Ushiwakamaru bersama dua orang kakaknya, Imawaka dan Otowaka dibawa lari oleh ibunya ke tengah gunung di Provinsi Yamato untuk menghindar dari hukuman mati. Tokiwa Gozen akhirnya keluar dari persembunyian dan menyerahkan diri kepada Taira no Kiyomori setelah mengetahui ibunya tertangkap. Sebagai pengganti nyawa ibunya dan ketiga orang putranya, Tokiwa Gozen bersedia dijadikan wanita simpanan Kiyomori.

Setelah ibunya menjadi selir seorang kuge bernama Ichijō Naganari, Ushiwakamaru yang waktu itu masih berusia 7 tahun dititipkan di kuil Kurama. Nama panggilannya saat itu Shanaou (Shanaō). Di usianya yang ke-11 (15 tahun dalam cerita versi lain), Ushiwakamaru baru mengetahui identitas dirinya yang sebenarnya. Menurut legenda, Ushiwakamaru menerima pelajaran pedang di kuil Kurama dari seorang ksatria bertopeng Tengu yang kemungkinan besar sisa-sisa pengikut ayahnya (Minamoto no Yoshitomo). Di usia ke-16, Ushiwakamaru berada di bawah pengawasan Fujiwara no Hidehira yang menjadi Chinjufu shōgun di Hiraizumi, Provinsi Oshu. Setelah itu, Ushiwakamaru menjalani upacara kedewasaan (genbuku) di kuil Atsuta Jingū, Provinsi Owari yang dulu merupakan wilayah kekuasaan ayahnya. Sebagai orang dewasa, Ushiwakamaru mendapat nama Yoshitsune. Nama "Yoshitsune" diambil dari aksara kanji "yoshi" yang turun-temurun dipakai klan Minamoto, sedangkan "tsune" diambil dari nama Minamoto no Tsunemoto (cucu Kaisar Seiwa).

Kematian Yoshitsune

Fujiwara no Hidehira kuatir dengan kekuatan militer Yoritomo yang terus bergerak ke arah barat Kanto sampai ke Provinsi Mutsu dengan alasan untuk menghabisi Yoshitsune. Hidehira bermaksud menjadikan Yoshitsune sebagai shogun untuk menumbangkan pemerintah Kamakura pimpinan Yoritomo, tapi tidak sempat karena lebih dulu meninggal pada 29 Oktober 1187. Putra pewaris Hidehira, Fujiwara no Yasuhira berhasil ditekan Yoritomo untuk mau bekerja sama menghabisi Yoshitsune. Yasuhira melanggar wasiat sang ayah agar melindungi Yoshitsune dan membunuh adiknya sendiri, Fujiwara no Yorihira yang merupakan sahabat dekat dan pelindung Yoshitsune. Cerita lain mengatakan bukan Fujiwara no Yorihira yang dibunuh, melainkan Fujiwara no Tadahira. Pada 30 April 1189, sekitar 500 pasukan berkuda menyerang Yoshitsune yang hanya dilindungi belasan pasukan berkuda. Pada waktu diserang, Yoshitsune sedang berada di tempat bernama Koromogawa no tachi yang merupakan wilayah Fujiwara no Motonari (sekarang tempat ini disebut kota Ōshū). Dalam keadaan terkepung pasukan Hidehira, Yoshitsune sama sekali tidak berniat melawan, dan malah mengunci diri di ruang altar keluarga (jibutsudō). Setelah membunuh istri dan anak perempuannya yang masih berusia 4 tahun, Yoshitsune bunuh diri. Yoshitsune meninggal di usia 31 tahun.

Potongan kepala Yoshitsune dikirim ke Kamakura dengan dikawal adik Fujiwara no Yasuhira yang bernama Fujiwara no Takahira. Perjalanan ke Kamakura memakan waktu 43 hari, dan berdasarkan identifikasi potongan kepala oleh Wada Yoshimori dan Kajiwara Kagetoki, bisa dipastikan potongan kepala tersebut adalah milik Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Menurut legenda, potongan kepala Yoshitsune dikuburkan dan dipuja di kuil Shirahata yang terletak di Fujisawa. Di kuil tersebut sekarang masih bisa dijumpai sumur tempat mencuci potongan kepala Yoshitsune.

Lukisan potret

Sampai sekarang belum ditemukan lukisan potret Yoshitsune yang digambar oleh pelukis dari zaman yang sama. Berdasarkan bukti helm dan mantel tempur yang sekarang disimpan di kuil Ōyamazumi, tinggi badan Yoshitsune diperkirakan sekitar 150 cm.

Kisah Heike Monogatari mulai dikumpulkan tidak lama setelah Yoshitsune meninggal. Di dalam kisah ini, penampilan Yoshitsune digambarkan dengan teliti, di antaranya "pria berperawakan kecil, berkulit putih, dengan gigi sedikit tonggos". Penulis Heike Monogatari mungkin sengaja ingin mendiskreditkan sosok Yoshitsune, atau penilaian publik terhadap Yoshitsune pada waktu itu tidak terlalu baik. Dalam cerita lain mengenai Yoshitsune, Gikeiki (Kisah Yoshitsune), penampilan Yoshitsune justru sama sekali tidak disebut-sebut. Dalam cerita Heiji Monogatari, ibu kandung Yoshitsune (Tokigawa Gozen) digambarkan sebagai wanita yang luar biasa cantik pada zaman itu, sehingga dijadikan istri simpanan Minamoto no Yoshitomo (ayah Yoshitsune). Di dalam Heiji Monogatari, ayah Yoshitsune juga digambarkan sebagai pria tampan berpenampilan dingin.

Di zaman Edo, kisah Yoshitsune mulai banyak dipentaskan sebagai naskah kabuki dan sarugaku. Yoshitsune selalu ditampilkan sebagai pria tampan, dan sejak itu pula citra Yoshitsune sebagai pria tampan melekat hingga sekarang.